cgic 2.01: an ANSI C library for CGI Programming

By Thomas Boutell

Table of Contents

• Credits and license terms
• How to get support
• What's new in version XYZ of CGIC?
• What is cgic?
• Obtaining cgic
• Building and testing cgic: a sample application
• What to do if it won't compile
• How to write a cgic application
• How can I generate images from my cgic application?
• CGI debugging features: using capture
• cgic function reference
• cgic variable reference
• cgic result code reference
• cgic quick index

Credits and License Terms

Please see the file license.txt for the details of the Basic License and Commercial License, including ordering information for the Commercial License.

Thanks are due to Robert Gustavsson, Ken Holervich, Bob Nestor, Jon Ribbens, Thomas Strangert, Wu Yongwei, and other CGIC users who have corresponded over the years. Although the implementation of multipart/form-data file upload support in CGIC 2.x is my own, I particularly wish to thank those who submitted their own implementations of this feature.

How to Get Support

STOP! READ THIS FIRST! REALLY!

Free Support

Hourly Support

What's new in version 2.01?

• Makefile supports "make install"
• Compiles without warnings under both C and C++ with strict warnings and strict ANSI compliance enabled
• Builds out of the box on Windows (#include <fcntl.h> was needed)
• Rare problem in cgiReadEnvironment corrected; no impact on normal CGI operations
• cgiCookieString now sets the result to an empty string when returning cgiFormNotFound
• Minor code cleanups

What's new in version 2.0?

2. CGIC 2.0 provides support for setting and examining cookies (persistent data storage on the browser side). The cgiCookieString, and cgiCookieInteger and cgiCookies functions retrieve cookies. The cgiHeaderCookieSetString and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger functions set cookies.

3. CGIC 2.0 offers a convenient way to retrieve a list of all form fields. The new cgiFormEntries function performs this operation.

4. CGIC 2.0 provides convenience functions to correctly escape text before outputting it as part of HTML, or as part of the value of a tag attribute, such as the HREF or VALUE attribute. See cgiHtmlEscape, cgiHtmlEscapeData, cgiValueEscape and cgiValueEscapeData.

5. Users have often asked the correct way to determine which submit button was clicked. This could always be accomplished in previous versions, but CGIC 2.0 also provides cgiFormSubmitClicked, a convenient alternate label for the cgiFormCheckboxSingle function.

What's new in version 1.07?

What's new in version 1.06?

2. The function cgiSaferSystem() has been removed entirely. This function escaped only a few metacharacters, while most shells have many, and there was no way to account for the many different operating system shells that might be in use on different operating systems. Since this led to a false sense of security, the function has been removed. It is our recommendation that user input should never be passed directly on the command line unless it has been carefully shown to contain only characters regarded as safe and appropriate by the programmer. Even then, it is better to design your utilities to accept their input from standard input rather than the command line.

What's new in version 1.05?

What's new in version 1.04?

What's new in version 1.03?

What's new in version 1.02?

• cgiFormDoubleBounded specified its arguments in the wrong order, with surprising results. This bug has been corrected.
• Many small changes have been made to increase compatibility. cgic now compiles with no warnings under the compilers available at boutell.com.

What's new in version 1.01?

• cgiFormInteger, cgiFormIntegerBounded, cgiFormDouble and cgiFormDoubleBounded now accept negative numbers properly. They also accept positive numbers with an explicit + sign.
• Hex values containing the digit 9 are now properly decoded.
• cgiFormString now represents each newline as a single line feed (ascii 10 decimal) as described in the documentation, not a carriage return (ascii 13 decimal) as in version 1.0. The latter approach pleased no one.
• cgiFormString and cgiFormStringNoNewlines no longer erroneously return cgiFormEmpty in place of cgiFormSuccess.
• The main() function of cgic now flushes standard output and sleeps for one second before exiting in order to inhibit problems with the completion of I/O on some platforms. This was not a cgic bug per se, but has been reported as a common problem with CGI when used with the CERN server. This change should improve compatibility.
• The single selection example in the testform.html example now works properly. This was an error in the form itself, not cgic.
• cgiRemoteUser and cgiRemoteIdent are now documented accurately. They were reversed earlier.

What is cgic?

cgic performs the following tasks:

• Parses form data, correcting for defective and/or inconsistent browsers
• Transparently accepts both GET and POST form data
• Accepts uploaded files as well as regular form fields
• Provides functions to set and retrieve "cookies" (browser-side persistent information)
• Handles line breaks in form fields in a consistent manner
• Provides string, integer, floating-point, and single- and multiple-choice functions to retrieve form data
• Provides bounds checking for numeric fields
• Loads CGI environment variables into C strings which are always non-null
• Provides a way to capture CGI situations for replay in a debugging environment, including file uploads and cookies

cgic is compatible with any CGI-compliant server environment, and compiles without modification in Posix/Unix/Linux and Windows environments.

Obtaining cgic

Important: to use cgic, you will need an ANSI-standard C compiler. Under Unix, just obtain and use gcc. Most Unix systems have standardiszed on gcc. Users of Windows operating systems should not have ANSI C-related problems as all of the popular compilers follow the ANSI standard.

Note for Windows Programmers: you must use a modern 32-bit compiler. Visual C++ 2.0 or higher, Borland C++ and the mingw32 gcc compiler are all appropriate, as is cygwin. Do NOT use an ancient 16-bit DOS executable compiler, please.

What Operating System Does Your WEB SERVER Run?

Remember, the computer on your desk is usually NOT your web server. Compiling a Windows console executable will not give you a CGI program that can be installed on a Linux-based server.

gunzip cgic201.tar.gz
tar -xf cgic201.tar

Under Windows and compatible operating systems, save it, open a console ("DOS") window, and issue the following commands to unpack it:

unzip /d cgic201.zip

This command also produces the subdirectory 'cgic201', which will contain the complete cgic distribution for version 2.0, including a copy of this documentation in the file cgic.html.

cgic is available via the web from www.boutell.com:

• Obtain cgic: gzipped tar file
• Obtain cgic: .ZIP file

Building cgic: a sample application

On a Unix system, you can build cgictest simply by typing 'make cgictest.cgi'. cgic.c and cgictest.c will be compiled and linked together to produce the cgictest application. Under non-Unix operating systems, you will need to create and compile an appropriate project containing the files cgic.c and cgictest.c.

IMPORTANT: after compiling cgictest.cgi, you will need to place it in a location on your server system which is designated by your server administrator as an appropriate location for CGI scripts. Some servers are configured to recognize any file ending in .cgi as a CGI program when it is found in any subdirectory of the server's web space, but this is not always the case! The right locations for CGI programs vary greatly from one server to another. Resolving this issue is between you, your web server administrator, and your web server documentation. Before submitting a bug report for cgic, make certain that the CGI example programs which came with your server do work for you. Otherwise it is very likely that you have a server configuration problem.

Once you have moved cgictest.cgi (or cgictest.exe, under Windows) to an appropriate cgi directory, use the web browser of your choice to access the URL at which you have installed it (for instance, www.mysite.com/cgi-bin/cgictest.cgi). Fill out the various fields in any manner you wish, then select the SUBMIT button.

If all goes well, cgictest.cgi will respond with a page which indicates the various settings you submitted. If not, please reread the section above regarding the correct location in which to install your CGI program on your web server.

What to do if it won't compile

• Are you using Visual C++ or Borland C++? Did you forget to add cgic.c to your project?
• Make sure you are using an ANSI C or C++ compiler. (All of the Windows compilers are ANSI C compliant.)

How to write a cgic application

Since all CGI applications must perform certain initial tasks, such as parsing form data and examining environment variables, the cgic library provides its own main() function. When you write applications that use cgic, you will begin your own programs by writing a cgiMain() function, which cgic will invoke when the initial cgi work has been successfully completed. Your program must also be sure to #include the file cgic.h.

Important: if you write your own main() function, your program will not link properly. Your own code should begin with cgiMain(). The library provides main() for you. (Those who prefer different behavior can easily modify cgic.c.)

Consider the cgiMain function of cgictest.c:

int cgiMain() {
#ifdef DEBUG
	LoadEnvironment();
#endif /* DEBUG */
	/* Load a previously saved CGI scenario if that button
		has been pressed. */
	if (cgiFormSubmitClicked("loadenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess) {
		LoadEnvironment();
	}
	/* Set any new cookie requested. Must be done *before*
		outputting the content type. */
	CookieSet();
	/* Send the content type, letting the browser know this is HTML */
	cgiHeaderContentType("text/html");
	/* Top of the page */
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<HTML><HEAD>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<TITLE>cgic test</TITLE></HEAD>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<BODY><H1>cgic test</H1>\n");
	/* If a submit button has already been clicked, act on the 
		submission of the form. */
	if ((cgiFormSubmitClicked("testcgic") == cgiFormSuccess) ||
		cgiFormSubmitClicked("saveenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess)
	{
		HandleSubmit();
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<hr>\n");
	}
	/* Now show the form */
	ShowForm();
	/* Finish up the page */
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</BODY></HTML>\n");
	return 0;
}

Setting Cookies

void CookieSet()
{
	char cname[1024];
	char cvalue[1024];
	/* Must set cookies BEFORE calling cgiHeaderContentType */
	cgiFormString("cname", cname, sizeof(cname));	
	cgiFormString("cvalue", cvalue, sizeof(cvalue));	
	if (strlen(cname)) {
		/* Cookie lives for one day (or until browser chooses
			to get rid of it, which may be immediately),
			and applies only to this script on this site. */	
		cgiHeaderCookieSetString(cname, cvalue,
			86400, cgiScriptName, cgiServerName);
	}
}

The cgiHeaderCookieSetString function sets the cookie by requesting that the web browser store it. There is never any guarantee that this will happen! Many browsers reject cookies completely; others do not necessarily keep them as long as requested or return them with their values intact. Always code defensively when using cookies.

The cname and cvalue parameters are of course the namd and value for the cookie. The third argument is the time, in seconds, that the cookie should "live" on the browser side before it expires; in this case it has been set to 86,400 seconds, which is exactly one day. The browser may or may not respect this setting, as with everything else about cookies.

The fourth argument identifies the "path" within the web site for which the cookie is considered valid. A cookie that should be sent back for every access to the site should be set with a path of /. In this case the cookie is relevant only to the CGI program itself, so cgiScriptName (the URL of the CGI program, not including the domain name) is sent. Similarly, a cookie can be considered relevant to a single web site or to an entire domain, such as www.boutell.com or the entire .boutell.com domain. In this case, the current site on which the program is running is the only relevant site, so cgiServerName is used as the domain.

Outputting the Content Type Header

Note that cgiHeaderStatus() or cgiHeaderLocation() could have been invoked instead to output an error code or redirect the request to a different URL. Only one of the cgiHeader functions should be called in a single execution of the program.

Important: one of the cgiHeader functions, usually cgiHeaderContentType(), must be invoked before outputting any other response to the user. Otherwise, the result will not be a valid document and the browser's behavior will be unpredictable. You may, of course, output your own ContentType and other header information to cgiOut if you prefer. The cgiHeader functions are provided as a convenience.

Handling Form Submissions

void HandleSubmit()
{
	Name();
	Address();
	Hungry();
	Temperature();
	Frogs();
	Color();
	Flavors();
	NonExButtons();
	RadioButtons();
	File();
	Entries();
	Cookies();
	/* The saveenvironment button, in addition to submitting the form,
		also saves the resulting CGI scenario to disk for later
		replay with the 'load saved environment' button. */
	if (cgiFormSubmitClicked("saveenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess) {
		SaveEnvironment();
	}
}

Handling Text Input

void Name() {
        char name[81];
        cgiFormStringNoNewlines("name", name, 81);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "Name: ");
        cgicHtmlEscape(name);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "
\n");
}

Handling Output

The actual name submitted by the user may or may not contain characters that have special meaning in HTML, specifically the the <, >, and & characters. The cgiHtmlEscape function is used to output the user-entered name with any occurrences of these characters correctly escaped as <, >, and &.

Important: cgiOut is normally equivalent to stdout, and there is no performance penalty for using it. It is recommended that you write output to cgiOut to ensure compatibility with modified versions of the cgic library for special environments that do not provide stdin and stdout for each cgi connection.

Note that, for text input areas in which carriage returns are desired, the function cgiFormString should be used instead. cgiFormString ensures that line breaks are always represented by a single carriage return (ascii decimal 13), making life easier for the programmer. See the source code to the Address() function of cgictest.c for an example.

Handling Single Checkboxes

void Hungry() {
        if (cgiFormCheckboxSingle("hungry") == cgiFormSuccess) {
                fprintf(cgiOut, "I'm Hungry!<BR>\n");
        } else {
                fprintf(cgiOut, "I'm Not Hungry!<BR>\n");
        }
}

Handling Numeric Input

void Temperature() {
        double temperature;
        cgiFormDoubleBounded("temperature", &temperature, 80.0, 120.0, 98.6);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "My temperature is %f.<BR>\n", temperature);
}

This function always retrieves a reasonable value within the specified bounds; values above or below bounds are constrained to fit the bounds. However, the return value of cgiFormDoubleBounded can be checked to make sure the actual user entry was in bounds, not blank, and so forth; see the description of cgiFormDoubleBounded() for more details. If bounds checking is not desired, consider using cgiFormDouble() instead.

Note that, for integer input, the functions cgiFormInteger and cgiFormIntegerBounded are available. The behavior of these functions is similar to that of their floating-point counterparts above.

Handling Single-Choice Input

char *colors[] = {
        "Red",
        "Green",
        "Blue"
};

void Color() {
        int colorChoice;
        cgiFormSelectSingle("colors", colors, 3, &colorChoice, 0);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "I am: %s<BR>\n", colors[colorChoice]);
}

cgiFormSelectSingle() will always indicate a reasonable selection value. However, if the programmer wishes to know for certain that a value was actually submitted, that the value submitted was a legal response, and so on, the return value of cgiFormSelectSingle() can be consulted. See the full description of cgiFormSelectSingle() for more information.

Note that radio button groups and <SELECT> lists can both be handled by this function. If you are processing radio button groups, you may prefer to invoke cgiFormRadio(), which functions identically.

"What if I won't know the acceptable choices at runtime?"

If the acceptable choices aren't known until runtime, one can simply load the choices from disk. But if the acceptable choices aren't fixed at all (consider a list of country names; new names may be added to the form at any time and it is inconvenient to also update program code or a separate list of countries), simply invoke cgiFormStringNoNewlines() instead to retrieve the string directly. Keep in mind that, if you do so, validating the response to make sure it is safe and legitimate becomes a problem for your own program to solve. The advantage of cgiFormSelectSingle() is that invalid responses are never returned.

To handle multiple-selection <SELECT> lists and groups of checkboxes with the same name, see the discussion of the NonExButtons() function of cgictest.c, immediately below.

Handling Multiple-Choice Input

char *votes[] = {
	"A",
	"B",
	"C",
	"D"
};

void NonExButtons() {
	int voteChoices[4];
	int i;
	int result;	
	int invalid;

	char **responses;

	/* Method #1: check for valid votes. This is a good idea,
		since votes for nonexistent candidates should probably
		be discounted... */
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Votes (method 1):<BR>\n");
	result = cgiFormCheckboxMultiple("vote", votes, 4, 
		voteChoices, &invalid);
	if (result == cgiFormNotFound) {
		fprintf(cgiOut, "I hate them all!<p>\n");
	} else {	
		fprintf(cgiOut, "My preferred candidates are:\n");
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
		for (i=0; (i < 4); i++) {
			if (voteChoices[i]) {
				fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>%s\n", votes[i]);
			}
		}
		fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
	}

The first argument to cgiFormCheckboxMultiple() is the name given to all checkbox input fields in the group. The second argument points to an array of legitimate values; these should correspond to the VALUE attributes of the checkboxes (or OPTION tags in a <SELECT> list). The third argument indicates the number of entries in the array of legitimate values. The fourth argument points to an array of integers with the same number of entries as the array of legitimate values; each entry will be set true if that checkbox or option was selected, false otherwise.

The last argument points to an integer which will be set to the number of invalid responses (responses not in the array of valid responses) that were submitted. If this value is not of interest, the last argument may be a null pointer (0).

Note that the return value of cgiFormCheckboxMultiple is inspected to determine whether any choices at all were set. See the full description of cgiFormCheckboxMultiple for other possible return values.

"What if I won't know the acceptable choices at runtime?"

If the acceptable choices aren't known until runtime, one can simply load the choices from disk. But if the acceptable choices aren't fixed at all (consider a list of ice cream flavors; new names may be added to the form at any time and it is inconvenient to also update program code or a separate list of countries), a more dynamic approach is needed. Consider the second half of the NonExButtons() function of cgictest.c:

	/* Method #2: get all the names voted for and trust them.
		This is good if the form will change more often
		than the code and invented responses are not a danger
		or can be checked in some other way. */
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Votes (method 2):<BR>\n");
	result = cgiFormStringMultiple("vote", &responses);
	if (result == cgiFormNotFound) {	
		fprintf(cgiOut, "I hate them all!<p>\n");
	} else {
		int i = 0;
		fprintf(cgiOut, "My preferred candidates are:\n");
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
		while (responses[i]) {
			fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>%s\n", responses[i]);
			i++;
		}
		fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
	}
	/* We must be sure to free the string array or a memory
		leak will occur. Simply calling free() would free
		the array but not the individual strings. The
		function cgiStringArrayFree() does the job completely. */	
	cgiStringArrayFree(responses);
}

The first argument to cgiFormStringMultiple() is the name of the input field or group of input fields in question. The second argument should be the address of a pointer to a pointer to a string, which isn't as bad as it sounds. Consider the following simple call of the function:

/* An array of strings; each C string is an array of characters */
char **responses; 

cgiFormStringMultiple("vote", &responses);

After the call, the last entry in the string array will be a null pointer. Thus the simple loop:

int i = 0;
while (responses[i]) {
	/* Do something with the string responses[i] */
	i++;
}

Important: the cgiFormStringMultiple function returns a pointer to allocated memory. Your code should not modify the strings in the responses array or the responses array itself; if modification is needed, the strings should be copied. When your code is done examining the responses array, you MUST call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array as an argument to free the memory associated with the array. Otherwise, the memory will not be available again until the program exists. Don't just call the free() function; if you do, the individual strings will not be freed.

Accessing Uploaded Files

The File function of cgictest.c takes care of receiving uploaded files:

void File()
{
	cgiFilePtr file;
	char name[1024];
	char contentType[1024];
	char buffer[1024];
	int size;
	int got;
	if (cgiFormFileName("file", name, sizeof(name)) != cgiFormSuccess) {
		printf("<p>No file was uploaded.<p>\n");
		return;
	} 
        fprintf(cgiOut, "The filename submitted was: ");
        cgiHtmlEscape(name);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
        cgiFormFileSize("file", &size);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "The file size was: %d bytes<p>\n", size);
        cgiFormFileContentType("file", contentType, sizeof(contentType));
        fprintf(cgiOut, "The alleged content type of the file was: ");
        cgiHtmlEscape(contentType);
        fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Of course, this is only the claim the browser "
		"made when uploading the file. Much like the filename, "
		"it cannot be trusted.<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "The file's contents are shown here:<p>\n");
	if (cgiFormFileOpen("file", &file) != cgiFormSuccess) {
		fprintf(cgiOut, "Could not open the file.<p>\n");
		return;
	}
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<pre>\n");
	while (cgiFormFileRead(file, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &got) ==
		cgiFormSuccess)
	{
		cgiHtmlEscapeData(buffer, got);
	}
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</pre>\n");
	cgiFormFileClose(file);
}

If the cgiFormFileName function does not succeed, no file was uploaded.

Next, the cgiFormFileSize function is called to determine the size of the uploaded file, in bytes.

The File function then proceeds to query the content type of the uploaded file. Files uploaded by the user have their own content type information, which may be useful in determining whether the file is an image, HTML document, word processing document, or other type of file. However, as with the filename and any other claim made by the browser, this information should not be blindly trusted. The browser may upload a file with the name picture.jpg and the content type image/jpeg, but this does not guarantee that the actual file will contain a valid JPEG image suitable for display.

The content type submitted by the browser can be queried using the cgiFormFileContentType function.

Of course, CGIC also provides access to the actual uploded file. First, the programmer calls cgiFormFileOpen, passing the address of a cgiFilePtr object. If this function succeeds, the cgiFilePtr object becomes valid, and can be used in subsequent calls to cgiFormFileRead. Notice that the number of bytes read may be less than the number requested, in particular on the last successful call before cgiFormFileRead begins to return cgiFormEOF. When cgiFormFileRead no longer returns cgiFormSuccess, the programmer calls cgiFormFileClose to release the cgiFilePtr object.

The uploaded file data may contain anything, including binary data, null characters, and so on. The example program uses the cgiHtmlEscapeData function to output the data with any special characters that have meaning in HTML escaped. Most programs will save the uploaded information to a server-side file or database.

Fetching All Form Entries

void Entries()
{
        char **array, **arrayStep;
        fprintf(cgiOut, "List of All Submitted Form Field Names:<p>\n");
        if (cgiFormEntries(&array) != cgiFormSuccess) {
                return;
        }
        arrayStep = array;
        fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
        while (*arrayStep) {
                fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>");
                cgiHtmlEscape(*arrayStep);
                fprintf(cgiOut, "\n");
                arrayStep++;
        }
        fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
        cgiStringArrayFree(array);
}

Retrieving Cookies

void Cookies()
{
	char **array, **arrayStep;
	char cname[1024], cvalue[1024];
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Cookies Submitted On This Call, With Values (Many Browsers "
		"NEVER Submit Cookies):<p>\n");
	if (cgiCookies(&array) != cgiFormSuccess) {
		return;
	}
	arrayStep = array;
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<table border=1>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<tr><th>Cookie<th>Value</tr>\n");
	while (*arrayStep) {
		char value[1024];
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<tr>");
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<td>");
		cgiHtmlEscape(*arrayStep);
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<td>");
		cgiCookieString(*arrayStep, value, sizeof(value));
		cgiHtmlEscape(value);
		fprintf(cgiOut, "\n");
		arrayStep++;
	}
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</table>\n");
	cgiFormString("cname", cname, sizeof(cname));	
	cgiFormString("cvalue", cvalue, sizeof(cvalue));	
	if (strlen(cname)) {
		fprintf(cgiOut, "New Cookie Set On This Call:<p>\n");
		fprintf(cgiOut, "Name: ");	
		cgiHtmlEscape(cname);
		fprintf(cgiOut, "Value: ");	
		cgiHtmlEscape(cvalue);
		fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
		fprintf(cgiOut, "If your browser accepts cookies "
			"(many do not), this new cookie should appear "
			"in the above list the next time the form is "
			"submitted.<p>\n"); 
	}
	cgiStringArrayFree(array);
}

The above code uses the cgiCookies function to retrieve a list of all currently set cookies as a null-terminated array of strings. The cgiCookieString function is then used to fetch the value associated with each cookie; this function works much like cgiFormString, discussed earlier. Note that a cookie set as a part of the current form submission process does not appear on this list immediately, as it has not yet been sent back by the browser. It should appear on future submissions, provided that the browser chooses to accept and resend the cookie at all.

Displaying a Form That Submits to the Current Program

void ShowForm()
{
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<!-- 2.0: multipart/form-data is required for file uploads. -->");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<form method=\"POST\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" ");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "	action=\"");
	cgiValueEscape(cgiScriptName);
	fprintf(cgiOut, "\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing Plaintext\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\">Your Name\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Multiple-Line Text Field\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<textarea NAME=\"address\" ROWS=4 COLS=40>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Default contents go here. \n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</textarea>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Checkbox\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"hungry\" checked>Hungry\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing a Numeric Value\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"temperature\" value=\"98.6\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Blood Temperature (80.0-120.0)\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing an Integer Value\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"frogs\" value=\"1\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Frogs Eaten\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Single-SELECT\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<select name=\"colors\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Red\">Red\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Green\">Green\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Blue\">Blue\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</select>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Multiple-SELECT\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<select name=\"flavors\" multiple>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"pistachio\">Pistachio\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"walnut\">Walnut\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"creme\">Creme\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</select>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Exclusive Radio Button Group: Age of Truck in Years\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" value=\"1\">1\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" value=\"2\">2\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" value=\"3\" checked>3\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" value=\"4\">4\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Nonexclusive Checkbox Group: Voting for Zero through Four Candidates\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" value=\"A\">A\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" value=\"B\">B\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" value=\"C\">C\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" value=\"D\">D\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>File Upload:\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"file\" name=\"file\" value=\"\"> (Select A Local File)\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Set a Cookie<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input name=\"cname\" value=\"\"> Cookie Name\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input name=\"cvalue\" value=\"\"> Cookie Value<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"submit\" name=\"testcgic\" value=\"Submit Request\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"reset\" value=\"Reset Request\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Save the CGI Environment<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "Pressing this button will submit the form, then "
		"save the CGI environment so that it can be replayed later "
		"by calling cgiReadEnvironment (in a debugger, for "
		"instance).<p>\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"submit\" name=\"saveenvironment\" "
		"value=\"Save Environment\">\n");
	fprintf(cgiOut, "</form>\n");
}

Examining CGI environment variables

Instead of calling getenv() to determine the value of a variable such as HTTP_USER_AGENT (the browser software being used), always use the cgic copies of the environment variables, which are always valid C strings (they are never null, although they may point to an empty string). For instance, the cgic variable containing the name of the browser software is cgiUserAgent. The referring URL appears in the variable cgiReferrer.

How can I generate images from my cgic application?

The following short sample program hints at the possibilities:

#include "cgic.h"
#include "gd.h"

char *colors[] = {
	"red", "green", "blue"
};

#define colorsTotal 3

int cgiMain() {
	int colorChosen;
	gdImagePtr im;
	int r, g, b;
	/* Use gd to create an image */
	im = gdImageCreate(64, 64);
	r = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 255, 0, 0);	
	g = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 255, 0);	
	b = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 0, 255);	
	/* Now use cgic to find out what color the user requested */
	cgiFormSelectSingle("color", 3, &colorChosen, 0);	
	/* Now fill with the desired color */
	switch(colorChosen) {
		case 0:
		gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, r);
		break;
		case 1:
		gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, g);
		break;
		case 2:
		gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, b);
		break;
	}	
	/* Now output the image. Note the content type! */
	cgiHeaderContentType("image/gif");
	/* Send the image to cgiOut */
	gdImageGif(im, cgiOut);
	/* Free the gd image */
	gdImageDestroy(im);
	return 0;
}

Debugging CGI applications: using capture

The provided program 'capture.c' can be used to capture CGI environments. Just change the first line of the cgiMain() function of capture.c to save the CGI environment to a filename appropriate on your system and type 'make capture'. Then place capture in your cgi directory and set the form action or other link you want to test to point to it. When the form submission or other link takes place, capture will write the CGI environment active at that time to the filename you specified in the source. The cgiReadEnvironment() function can then be invoked on the same filename at the beginning of the cgiMain() function of the application you want to test in order to restore the captured environment. You can then execute your program in the debugger of your choice, and it should perform exactly as it would have performed had it been launched by the actual web server, including file uploads, cookies and all other phenomena within the purview of cgic.

Important: Make sure you specify the full path, as the current working directory of a CGI script may not be what you think it is!

Even More Important: If you call getenv() yourself in your code, instead of using the provided cgic copies of the CGI environment variables, you will not get the values you expect when running with a saved CGI environment. Always use the cgic variables instead of calling getenv().

cgic function reference

cgiFormResultType cgiFormString( char *name, char *result, int max)

cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the string sent for the specified input field. The text will be copied into the buffer specified by result, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. Regardless of the newline format submitted by the browser, cgiFormString always encodes each newline as a single line feed (ascii decimal 10); as a result the final string may be slightly shorter than indicated by a call to cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded but will never be longer. cgiFormString returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, cgiFormEmpty if the string was retrieved but was empty, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringNoNewlines( char *name, char *result, int max)

cgiFormStringNoNewlines() is exactly equivalent to cgiFormString(), except that any carriage returns or line feeds that occur in the input will be stripped out. The use of this function is recommended for single-line text input fields, as some browsers will submit carriage returns and line feeds when they should not.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded( char *name, int *length)

cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded() is used to determine the length of the input text buffer needed to receive the contents of the specified input field. This is useful if the programmer wishes to allocate sufficient memory for input of arbitrary length. The actual length of the string retrieved by a subsequent call to cgiFormString() may be slightly shorter but will never be longer than *result. On success, cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded() sets the value pointed to by length to the number of bytes of data, including the terminating null, and returns cgiFormSuccess. If no value was submitted for the specified field, cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded sets the value pointed to by length to 1 and returns cgiFormNotFound. 1 is set to ensure space for an empty string (a single null character) if cgiFormString is called despite the return value.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringMultiple( char *name, char ***ptrToStringArray)

cgiFormStringMultiple is useful in the unusual case in which several input elements in the form have the same name and, for whatever reason, the programmer does not wish to use the checkbox, radio button and selection menu functions provided below. This is occasionally needed if the programmer cannot know in advance what values might appear in a multiple-selection list or group of checkboxes on a form. The value pointed to by result will be set to a pointer to an array of strings; the last entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array, you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the argument. cgiFormStringMultiple() returns cgiFormSuccess if at least one occurrence of the name is found, cgiFormNotFound if no occurrences are found, or cgiFormMemory if not enough memory is available to allocate the array to be returned. In all cases except the last, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to a null pointer.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormEntries( char *name, char ***ptrToStringArray)

cgiFormEntries is useful when the programmer cannot know the names of all relevant form fields in advance. The value pointed to by result will be set to a pointer to an array of strings; the last entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array, you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the argument. cgiFormEntries() returns cgiFormSuccess except in the event of an out of memory error. On success, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to a null pointer, and cgiFormOutOfMemory is returned.

void cgiStringArrayFree(char **stringArray)

cgiStringArrayFree() is used to free the memory associated with a string array created by cgiFormStringMultiple(), cgiFormEntries(), or cgiFormCookies().

cgiFormResultType cgiFormInteger( char *name, int *result, int defaultV)

cgiFormInteger() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the specified input field. The value pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormInteger() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an integer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result is set to the specified default.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormIntegerBounded( char *name, int *result, int min, int max, int defaultV)

cgiFormIntegerBounded() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the specified input field, and constrains the result to be within the specified bounds. The value pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormIntegerBounded() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormConstrained if the value was out of bounds and result was adjusted accordingly, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an integer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result is set to the specified default.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormDouble( char *name, double *result, double defaultV)

cgiFormDouble attempts to retrieve the floating-point value sent for the specified input field. The value pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormDouble returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not a number, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result is set to the specified default.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormDoubleBounded( char *name, double *result, double min, double max, double defaultV)

cgiFormDoubleBounded() attempts to retrieve the floating-point value sent for the specified input field, and constrains the result to be within the specified bounds. The value pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormDoubleBounded() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormConstrained if the value was out of bounds and result was adjusted accordingly, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not a number, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result is set to the specified default.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormSelectSingle( char *name, char **choicesText, int choicesTotal, int *result, int defaultV)

cgiFormSelectSingle() retrieves the selection number associated with a <SELECT> element that does not allow multiple selections. name should identify the NAME attribute of the <SELECT> element. choicesText should point to an array of strings identifying each choice; choicesTotal should indicate the total number of choices. The value pointed to by result will be set to the position of the actual choice selected within the choicesText array, if any, or to the value of default, if no selection was submitted or an invalid selection was made. cgiFormSelectSingle() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormNotFound if no selection was submitted, and cgiFormNoSuchChoice if the selection does not match any of the possibilities in the choicesText array.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormSelectMultiple( char *name, char **choicesText, int choicesTotal, int *result, int *invalid)

cgiFormSelectMultiple() retrieves the selection numbers associated with a <SELECT> element that does allow multiple selections. name should identify the NAME attribute of the <SELECT> element. choicesText should point to an array of strings identifying each choice; choicesTotal should indicate the total number of choices. result should point to an array of integers with as many elements as there are strings in the choicesText array. For each choice in the choicesText array that is selected, the corresponding integer in the result array will be set to one; other entries in the result array will be set to zero. cgiFormSelectMultiple() returns cgiFormSuccess if at least one valid selection was successfully retrieved or cgiFormNotFound if no valid selections were submitted. The integer pointed to by invalid is set to the number of invalid selections that were submitted, which should be zero unless the form and the choicesText array do not agree.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormSubmitClicked( char *name)

It is often desirable to know whether a particular submit button was clicked, when multiple submit buttons with different name attributes exist. cgiFormSubmitClicked is an alternative name for the cgiFormCheckboxSingle function, which is suitable for testing whether a particular submit button was used.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormCheckboxSingle( char *name)

cgiFormCheckboxSingle determines whether the checkbox with the specified name is checked. cgiFormCheckboxSingle returns cgiFormSuccess if the button is checked, cgiFormNotFound if the checkbox is not checked. cgiFormCheckboxSingle is intended for single checkboxes with a unique name; see below for functions to deal with multiple checkboxes with the same name, and with radio buttons.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormCheckboxMultiple( char *name, char **valuesText, int valuesTotal, int *result, int *invalid)

cgiFormCheckboxMultiple() determines which checkboxes among a group of checkboxes with the same name are checked. This is distinct from radio buttons (see cgiFormRadio). valuesText should point to an array of strings identifying the VALUE attribute of each checkbox; valuesTotal should indicate the total number of checkboxes. result should point to an array of integers with as many elements as there are strings in the valuesText array. For each choice in the valuesText array that is selected, the corresponding integer in the result array will be set to one; other entries in the result array will be set to zero. cgiFormCheckboxMultiple returns cgiFormSuccess if at least one valid checkbox was checked or cgiFormNotFound if no valid checkboxes were checked. The integer pointed to by invalid is set to the number of invalid selections that were submitted, which should be zero unless the form and the valuesText array do not agree.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormRadio( char *name, char **valuesText, int valuesTotal, int *result, int defaultV)

cgiFormRadio() determines which, if any, of a group of radio boxes with the same name was selected. valuesText should point to an array of strings identifying the VALUE attribute of each radio box; valuesTotal should indicate the total number of radio boxes. The value pointed to by result will be set to the position of the actual choice selected within the valuesText array, if any, or to the value of default, if no radio box was checked or an invalid selection was made. cgiFormRadio() returns cgiFormSuccess if a checked radio box was found in the group, cgiFormNotFound if no box was checked, and cgiFormNoSuchChoice if the radio box submitted does not match any of the possibilities in the valuesText array.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileName( char *name, char *fileName, int max)

cgiFormFileName attempts to retrieve the file name uploaded by the user for the specified form input field of type file. NEVER, EVER TRUST THIS FILENAME TO BE REASONABLE AND SAFE FOR DIRECT USE ON THE SERVER SIDE. The text will be copied into the buffer specified by fileName, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. cgiFormFileName returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved and was not empty, cgiFormNoFileName if the string was successfully retrieved but empty indicating that no file was uploaded, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileSize( char *name, int *sizeP)

cgiFormFileSize attempts to retrieve the size, in bytes, of a file uploaded by the browser in response to the input field of type file specified by the name parameter. On success, the size is stored to *sizeP, and this function returns cgiFormSuccess. If the form field does not exist, this function returns cgiFormNotFound. If the form field exists but no file was uploaded, this function returns cgiFormNotAFile.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileContentType( char *name, char *contentType, int max)

cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the content name claimed by the user for the specified form input field of type file. THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT THE CONTENT TYPE WILL BE ACCURATE. The content type string will be copied into the buffer specified by contentType, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. cgiFormFileContentType returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved and was not empty, cgiFormNoContentType if the string was successfully retrieved but empty indicating that no file was uploaded or the browser did not know the content type, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileOpen( char *name, cgiFilePtr *cfpp)

cgiFormFileOpen attempts to open the actual uploaded file data for the specified form field of type file. Upon success, this function returns retrieve the content name claimed by the user for the specified form input field of type file. On success, this function sets *cfpp to a valid cgiFilePtr object for use with cgiFormSuccess. On failure, this function sets *cfpp to a null pointer, and returns cgiFormNotFound, cgiFormNotAFile, cgiFormMemory or cgiFormIO as appropriate.

See also cgiFormFileRead and cgiFormFileClose.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileRead( cgiFilePtr cfp, char *buffer, int bufferSize, int *gotP)

cgiFormFileRead attempts to read up to bufferSize bytes from a cgiFilePtr object previously opened with cgiFormFileOpen. If any data is successfully read, it is copied to buffer, and the number of bytes successfully read is stored to *gotP. This function returns cgiFormSuccess if any data is successfully read. At end of file, this function returns cgiFormEOF. In the event of an I/O error, this function returns cgiFormIO. If cfp is a null pointer, this function returns cgiFormOpenFailed.

See also cgiFormFileOpen and cgiFormFileClose.

cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileClose( cgiFilePtr cfp)

cgiFormFileClose closes a cgiFilePtr object previously opened with cgiFormFileOpen, freeing memory and other system resources. This function returns cgiFormSuccess unless cfp is null, in which case cgiFormOpenFailed is returned.

See also cgiFormFileOpen and cgiFormFileRead.

void cgiHeaderLocation(char *redirectUrl)

cgiHeaderLocation() should be called if the programmer wishes to redirect the user to a different URL. No futher output is needed in this case.

If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSetString and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderLocation.

void cgiHeaderStatus(int status, char *statusMessage)

cgiHeaderStatus() should be called if the programmer wishes to output an HTTP error status code instead of a document. The status code is the first argument; the second argument is the status message to be displayed to the user.

If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSetString and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderStatus.

void cgiHeaderContentType(char *mimeType)

cgiHeaderContentType() should be called if the programmer wishes to output a new document in response to the user's request. This is the normal case. The single argument is the MIME document type of the response; typical values are "text/html" for HTML documents, "text/plain" for plain ASCII without HTML tags, "image/gif" for a GIF image and "audio/basic" for .au-format audio.

If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSetString and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderContentType.

void cgiHeaderCookieSetString(char *name, char *value, int secondsToLive, char *path, char *domain)

cgiHeaderCookieSetString() should be called when the programmer wishes to store a piece of information in the user's browser, so that the stored information is again presented to the server on subsequent accesses to the relevant site. The first argument is the name of the cookie to be stored; for best results in all browsers, use a short name without spaces or unusual punctuation. The second argument is the value of the cookie to be stored. Again, for best results, use a short string; it is recommended that cookies be used to store a unique identifier which is then used to look up more detailed information in a database on the server side. Attempts to store elaborate information on the browser side are much more likely to fail. The third argument is the number of seconds that the cookie should be kept by the browser; 86400 is a single full day, 365*86400 is roughly one year. The fourth argument is the partial URL of the web site within which the cookie is relevant. If the cookie should be sent to the server for every access to the entire site, set this argument to /. The final argument is the web site name or entire domain for which this cookie should be submitted; if you choose to have the cookie sent back for an entire domain, this argument must begin with a dot, such as .boutell.com. The cgic variables cgiServerName are convenient values for the fourth and fifth arguments. See also cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger, cgiCookieString, cgiCookieInteger and cgiCookies.

void cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger(char *name, int value, int secondsToLive, char *path, char *domain)

cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger() is identical to cgiHeaderCookieSetString, except that the value to be set is an integer rather than a string. See cgiHeaderCookieSetString for complete information.

cgiFormResultType cgiCookieString( char *name, char *result, int max)

cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the string sent for the specified cookie (browser-side persistent storage). The text will be copied into the buffer specified by result, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. cgiCookieString returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, cgiFormEmpty if the string was retrieved but was empty, and cgiFormNotFound if no such cookie was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result.

cgiFormResultType cgiCookieInteger( char *name, int *result, int defaultV) See also cgiCookieInteger, cgiCookies, cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger.

cgiCookieInteger() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the specified cookie (browser-side persistent storage). The value pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted. cgiCookieInteger() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an integer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result is set to the specified default. See also cgiCookieString, cgiCookies, cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger.

cgiFormResultType cgiCookies( char *name, char ***ptrToStringArray)

cgiCookies is useful when the programmer cannot know the names of all relevant cookies (browser-side persistent strings) in advance. The value pointed to by result will be set to a pointer to an array of strings; the last entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array, you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the argument. cgiCookies() returns cgiFormSuccess except in the event of an out of memory error. On success, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to a null pointer, and cgiFormOutOfMemory is returned.

cgiFormResultType cgiEscapeHtml(char *s)

cgiEscapeHtml() outputs the specified null-terminated string to cgiOut, escaping any <, &, and > characters encountered correctly so that they do not interfere with HTML markup. Returns cgiFormSuccess, or cgiFormIO in the event of an I/O error.

cgiFormResultType cgiEscapeHtmlData(char *data, int len)

cgiEscapeHtmlData() is identical to cgiEscapeHtml, except that the data is not null-terminated. This version of the function outputs len bytes. See cgiEscapeHtml for more information.

cgiFormResultType cgiEscapeValue(char *s)

cgiEscapeValue() outputs the specified null-terminated string to cgiOut, escaping any " characters encountered correctly so that they do not interfere with the quotation marks of HTML attribute values. This is useful when outputting a string as part of the value attribute of an input tag, or the href attribute of a link or form tag. This function returns cgiFormSuccess, or cgiFormIO in the event of an I/O error.

cgiFormResultType cgiEscapeValueData(char *data, int len)

cgiEscapeValueData() is identical to cgiEscapeValue, except that the data is not null-terminated. This version of the function outputs len bytes. See cgiEscapeValue for more information.

cgiEnvironmentResultType cgiWriteEnvironment(char *filename)

cgiWriteEnvironment() can be used to write the entire CGI environment, including form data, to the specified output file; cgiReadEnvironment() can then be used to restore that environment from the specified input file for debugging. Of course, these will only work as expected if you use the cgic copies of the CGI environment variables and cgiIn and cgiOut rather than stdin and stdout (also see above). These functions are useful in order to capture real CGI situations while the web server is running, then recreate them in a debugging environment. Both functions return cgiEnvironmentSuccess on success, cgiEnvironmentIO on an I/O error, and cgiEnvironmentMemory on an out-of-memory error.

cgiEnvironmentResultType cgiReadEnvironment(char *filename)

cgiReadEnvironment() restores a CGI environment saved to the specified file by cgiWriteEnvironment(). Of course, these will only work as expected if you use the cgic copies of the CGI environment variables and cgiIn and cgiOut rather than stdin and stdout (also see above). These functions are useful in order to capture real CGI situations while the web server is running, then recreate them in a debugging environment. Both functions return cgiEnvironmentSuccess on success, cgiEnvironmentIO on an I/O error, and cgiEnvironmentMemory on an out-of-memory error.

int cgiMain()

The programmer must write this function, which performs the unique task of the program and is invoked by the true main() function, found in the cgic library itself. The return value from cgiMain will be the return value of the program. It is expected that the user will make numerous calls to the cgiForm functions from within this function. See how to write a cgic application for details.

cgic variable reference

Most of these variables are equivalent to various CGI environment variables. The most important difference is that the cgic environment string variables are never null pointers. They will always point to valid C strings of zero or more characters.

char *cgiServerSoftware

Points to the name of the server software, or to an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiServerName

Points to the name of the server, or to an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiGatewayInterface

Points to the name of the gateway interface (usually CGI/1.1), or to an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiServerProtocol

Points to the protocol in use (usually HTTP/1.0), or to an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiServerPort

Points to the port number on which the server is listening for HTTP connections (usually 80), or an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiRequestMethod

Points to the method used in the request (usually GET or POST), or an empty string if unknown (this should not happen).

char *cgiPathInfo

Most web servers recognize any additional path information in the URL of the request beyond the name of the CGI program itself and pass that information on to the program. cgiPathInfo points to this additional path information.

char *cgiPathTranslated

Most web servers recognize any additional path information in the URL of the request beyond the name of the CGI program itself and pass that information on to the program. cgiPathTranslated points to this additional path information, translated by the server into a filesystem path on the local server.

char *cgiScriptName

Points to the name under which the program was invoked.

char *cgiQueryString

Contains any query information submitted by the user as a result of a GET-method form or an <ISINDEX> tag. Note that this information need not be parsed directly unless an <ISINDEX> tag was used; normally it is parsed automatically by the cgic library. Use the cgiForm family of functions to retrieve the values associated with form input fields. See how to write a cgic application for more information.

char *cgiRemoteHost

Points to the fully resolved hostname of the browser, if known, or an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiRemoteAddr

Points to the dotted-decimal IP address of the browser, if known, or an empty string if unknown.

char *cgiAuthType

Points to the type of authorization used for the request, if any, or an empty string if none or unknown.

char *cgiRemoteUser

Points to the user name under which the user has authenticated; an empty string if no authentication has taken place. The certainty of this information depends on the type of authorization in use; see cgiAuthType.

char *cgiRemoteIdent

Points to the user name volunteered by the user via the user identification protocol; an empty string if unknown. This information is not secure. Identification demons can be installed by users on insecure systems such as Windows machines.

char *cgiContentType

Points to the MIME content type of the information submitted by the user, if any; an empty string if no information was submitted. If this string is equal to application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data, the cgic library will automatically examine the form data submitted. If this string has any other non-empty value, a different type of data has been submitted. This is currently very rare, as most browsers can only submit forms and file uploads which cgic parses directly.

char *cgiCookie

Points to the raw cookie (browser-side persistent storage) data submitted by the web browser. Programmers should use the functions cgiCookies, cgiCookieString and cgiCookieInteger instead of examining this string directly.

char *cgiAccept

Points to a space-separated list of MIME content types acceptable to the browser (see cgiHeaderContentType() ), or an empty string. Unfortunately, this variable is not supplied in a useful form by most current browsers. Programmers wishing to make decisions based on the capabilities of the browser are advised to check the cgiUserAgent variable against a list of browsers and capabilities instead.

char *cgiUserAgent

Points to the name of the browser in use, or an empty string if this information is not available.

char *cgiReferrer

Points to the URL of the previous page visited by the user. This is often the URL of the form that brought the user to your program. Note that reporting this information is entirely up to the browser, which may choose not do so, and may choose not to do so truthfully. However, this variable is typically accurate. The frequently used misspelling cgiReferer is also supplied as a macro.

int cgiContentLength

The number of bytes of form or query data received. Note that if the submission is a form or query submission the library will read and parse all the information directly from cgiIn and/or cgiQueryString. The programmer should not do so, and indeed the cgiIn pointer will be at end-of-file in such cases.

FILE *cgiOut

Pointer to CGI output. The cgiHeader functions, such as cgiHeaderContentType, should be used first to output the mime headers; the output HTML page, GIF image or other web document should then be written to cgiOut by the programmer using standard C I/O functions such as fprintf() and fwrite(). cgiOut is normally equivalent to stdout; however, it is recommended that cgiOut be used to ensure compatibility with future versions of cgic for specialized environments.

FILE *cgiIn

Pointer to CGI input. In 99.99% of cases, you will not need this. CGIC 2.0 supports both regular POST form submissions and multipart/form-data file upload form submissions directly.

cgic result code reference

In most cases, cgic functions are designed to produce reasonable results even when browsers and users do unreasonable things. However, it is sometimes important to know precisely which unreasonable things took place, especially when assigning a default value or bounding a value is an inadequate solution. The following result codes are useful in making this determination.

cgiFormSuccess

Indicates that the function successfully performed at least one action (or retrieved at least one value, where applicable).

cgiFormTruncated

Indicates that a string value retrieved from the user was cut short to avoid overwriting the end of a buffer.

cgiFormBadType

Indicates that a "numeric" value submitted by the user was in fact not a legal number.

cgiFormEmpty

Indicates that a field was retrieved but contained no data.

cgiFormNotFound

Indicates that no value was submitted for a particular field.

cgiFormConstrained

Indicates that a numeric value was beyond the specified bounds and was forced to the lower or upper bound as appropriate.

cgiFormNoSuchChoice

Indicates that the value submitted for a single-choice field (such as a radio-button group) was not one of the acceptable values. This usually indicates a discrepancy between the form and the program.

cgiFormEOF

Returned by cgiFormFileRead when, at the start of the call, the cgiFilePtr object is already positioned at the end of the uploaded file data.

cgiFormIO

Returned by cgiFormFileRead when an I/O error occurs while reading uploaded file data.

cgiFormNotAFile

Returned in response to an attempt to manipulate a form field that is not a file upload field using a file-related function.

cgiFormNoContentType

Returned in response to an attempt to fetch the content type of a file-upload field when the content type is not specified by the browser.

cgiFormNoFileName

Returned in response to an attempt to fetch the file name of a file-upload field when a file name is not specified by the browser.

cgiFormOpenFailed

Returned in response to an attempt to read from a null cgiFilePtr object, typically when the programmer has failed to check the result of a call to cgiFormFileOpen.

cgiEnvironmentMemory

Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment to or from a capture file failed due to an out-of-memory error.

cgiEnvironmentSuccess

Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment to or from a capture file was successful.

cgiEnvironmentIO

Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment to or from a capture file failed due to an I/O error.

cgiEnvironmentWrongVersion

Indicates that an attempt to read from a saved debugging CGI environment produced by a pre-2.0 version of CGIC was made.

cgic quick index